{"id":10762,"date":"2018-08-02T17:08:52","date_gmt":"2018-08-02T15:08:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.intellias.com\/?p=10762"},"modified":"2023-08-21T08:20:12","modified_gmt":"2023-08-21T06:20:12","slug":"it-s-time-to-give-autonomous-cars-an-ethics-lesson","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/intellias.com\/it-s-time-to-give-autonomous-cars-an-ethics-lesson\/","title":{"rendered":"It\u2019s Time to Give Autonomous Cars an Ethics Lesson"},"content":{"rendered":"

Imagine an autonomous car driving<\/a> down a busy city street. Suddenly, it spots children crossing the road. There\u2019s oncoming traffic to the left, a building to the right and a truck driving just behind.<\/p>\n

What should the autonomous vehicle do? Keep going and hit the kids? Or save them by turning into a wall, even if that means hurting the passengers? This mental exercise illustrates the ethical dilemma of self-driving cars. How should they behave in unavoidable crash scenarios? Whom should they save first? And who will be responsible for the damage?<\/p>\n

Intellias has put together an overview of autonomous vehicle ethics. Read on to find out how a self-driving car learns ethical principles and what the ethical issues of driverless cars are.<\/p>\n

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Ethics of autonomous vehicles help the computer to make more accurate decisions<\/h2>\n

\"It\u2019s<\/p>\n

Although self-driving vehicles are generally safer than vehicles driven by humans, there\u2019s still a small risk of them getting into accidents. In fact, researchers say that even advanced autonomous vehicles will get into unavoidable accidents<\/a>. Today, an autonomous car tries to hand control to the driver if something goes wrong. But that\u2019s not what usually happens in reality, since it takes more time for a human to react<\/a> than for an unavoidable crash to happen. So autonomous vehicle has to take the lead and act on its own \u2014 only it doesn\u2019t act in the way humans do.<\/p>\n

In stressful situations when a person would panic and react intuitively, an autonomous car can react rationally. It can see possible paths, calculate outcomes, and then select the best one based on all that analysis. An autonomous vehicle can predict crash trajectory alternatives<\/a>, for example, and choose the one with the least damage. But if there\u2019s no evident best path, how will self-driving vehicles know which path to pick?<\/p>\n

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The decision-making process of autonomous vehicles is complex and includes analyzing data from various sources.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/small>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/section>\n

Decision-making process in autonomous cars<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"It\u2019s<\/p>\n

Here\u2019s where autonomous vehicle ethics helps. Rules of ethics allow self-driving cars to make better decisions on the road. Thanks to machine ethics<\/a>, autonomous vehicles can become aware of some moral principles. This means they can judge how to behave in different situations. For instance, the ethics behind self-driving cars can allow them to break the law if it means saving somebody\u2019s life.<\/p>\n

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Learn how Intellias developed data-driven protocols for advanced driver assistance systems<\/p>\n

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With autonomous vehicle ethics come social and ethical dilemmas<\/h2>\n
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In the era of the digital revolution and self-learning systems, human-machine interaction raises new ethical questions. Automated and connected driving is the most recent innovation where this interaction is to be found across the board.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAlexander Dobrindt,<\/span> Federal Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure of Germany<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/small>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/section>\n

For a car to make decisions on the road<\/a>, the objects around it should be assigned values. Take a traffic cone, for example. It\u2019s clearly less significant than a human being, which means that a car should hit a traffic cone instead of a pedestrian. But here\u2019s the scary part: What about values among humans? Are the lives of the car\u2019s passengers as important as the lives of other drivers? Whom will the car choose to save in a crash? Pedestrians or passengers?<\/p>\n

Different scenarios of a self-driving car’s behavior on the road<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"It\u2019s<\/p>\n

a.<\/span> A car chooses to save many pedestrians over one.<\/p>\n

b.<\/span> A car potentially kills its passengers but saves a pedestrian.<\/p>\n

c.<\/span> A car saves a lot of pedestrians by hitting the wall and potentially killing its passengers.<\/p>\n

No doubt it\u2019s possible to assign different values to people too. For instance, a car can prefer to save its own passengers\u2019 lives over others\u2019. In fact, this is what Mercedes-Benz<\/a> wanted to teach its self-driving vehicles to do before it had to pull back after facing public shaming.<\/p>\n

Alternatively, a self-driving car can aim to save the young over the elderly. Either way, a vehicle sacrifices a certain group of people while saving another. And this sounds a lot like discrimination. Applied carelessly, a vehicle\u2019s moral system only multiplies the ethical dilemmas in self-driving cars, which can lead to low public trust and increasing safety issues.<\/p>\n

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A car may make one decision, and that decision might lower the total number of deaths on the road, but it might lower those primarily [for] people aged 18\u201365 but actually increase the number of deaths that we have for 65-year-olds.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNicholas Evans,<\/span> Assistant Professor of Philosophy at University of Massachusetts Lowell<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/small>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/section>\n

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\n\t\t\t\tContact Intellias to teach your autonomous cars how to make the right decisions on the road\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n Get in touch<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n

The main ethical dilemma of self-driving cars: it\u2019s just another line of code<\/h2>\n

\"It\u2019s
\nNo matter how complicated a crash is, self-driving vehicles will have to decide which way to go and whom to save. The problem is that autonomous cars won\u2019t do this entirely on their own. Basically, it\u2019s the developers who create the vehicle\u2019s moral system. A self-driving car\u2019s behavior in a crash depends on its ethical crashing algorithms<\/a>. In an accident, a vehicle behaves as it\u2019s programmed to.<\/p>\n

At this point it\u2019s clear that a self-driving vehicle\u2019s dependence on lines of code may discourage customers. Honestly, how can people trust autonomous cars that have hidden logic? Also, with an autonomous car\u2019s behavior depending on its software systems, the problem of responsibility arises. Who will be to blame for a vehicle\u2019s bad decision? Who will take responsibility if a car kills someone performing crash optimization<\/a>?<\/p>\n

But don\u2019t worry. The good news is that autonomous cars of the future will probably have either mandatory or personal ethics settings<\/a>. In other words, consumers will be able to choose their own ethical preferences for their cars. Moreover, this will solve the responsibility problem. The owner will be the one responsible for the car via personal settings. Presumably, drivers who choose a\u00a0selfish\u00a0ethics algorithm<\/a> will be blamed more than those who go with the manufacturer\u2019s default settings.<\/p>\n

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Find out how Intellias developed over-the-air map updates for connected cars<\/p>\n

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The golden rule for autonomous car ethics doesn\u2019t exist<\/h2>\n

\"It\u2019s<\/p>\n

So far, there are no unified ethical standards and certifications<\/a> for autonomous cars. The big Moral Machine study<\/a> conducted by MIT showed that it\u2019s hard to identify universal ethical values. The moral choices that people made in the MIT survey were different and varied even at a local level. That\u2019s why it\u2019s hard to create a universal ethics of self-driving cars that won\u2019t be controversial.<\/p>\n

In the search for universal autonomous car ethics<\/a>, one study has shown that people support the idea of utilitarian autonomous cars, meaning vehicles that aim to save as many lives as possible. Yet the majority of participants want others to drive autonomous cars and don\u2019t want to own one themselves. The reason is obvious: saving as many lives as possible also means sacrificing the driver\u2019s life if needed. And people want to feel absolutely safe when riding in an autonomous car<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In June 2017, the German Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure developed the world\u2019s first ethical guidelines for autonomous vehicles<\/a>. According to these guidelines, the protection of human life comes first. And though the guidelines say decisions can\u2019t be standardized, they justify programming that reduces the number of personal injuries.<\/p>\n

Moreover, the guidelines say that a car can\u2019t distinguish among individuals based on their age, gender, or physical or mental constitution. Beyond that, the guidelines state that autonomous vehicle technology should prevent accidents before they happen, which means excluding all problematic situations on the road beforehand, including those that cause dilemmas.<\/p>\n

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The sooner driverless cars are adopted, the more lives will be saved. But taking seriously the psychological as well as technological challenges of autonomous vehicles will be necessary in freeing us from the tedious, wasteful and dangerous system of driving that we have put up with for more than a century.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAs Rahwan, Azim Shariff and Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Bonnefon,<\/span> researchers in the field of autonomous car ethics<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/small>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/section>\n

How can ethical principles turn into software algorithms for autonomous cars?<\/h2>\n

Some might wonder whether it\u2019s possible to code ethical behavior into autonomous cars. It is. To create a vehicle\u2019s ethical crashing algorithm, software developers can use a hybrid approach<\/a> that combines the strong sides of rational, AI, and natural language approaches. Put simply, a vehicle is given a set of rules for how to behave in various situations or a goal it should achieve.<\/p>\n

Alternative trajectories for an autonomous car<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"It\u2019s<\/p>\n

a.<\/span>\u00a0Severe one vehicle crash<\/p>\n

b.<\/span>\u00a0Moderate two vehicles crash<\/p>\n

c.<\/span>\u00a0Low probability \u2013 no crash; high probability \u2013 severe two vehicles crash<\/p>\n

For instance, the vehicle can try to save children first. Ideally, a rational system for self-driving cars would be created by lawyers, sociologists, and philosophers as well as software engineers. The problem is that by using solely a rational system an autonomous vehicle won\u2019t go very far. It\u2019ll run into a problem as soon as it witnesses an unexpected situation that\u2019s not on the list. And since software developers can\u2019t account for every single road accident, autonomous vehicle ethics needs to be more than a set of strict rules.<\/p>\n

This is where AI for autonomous vehicles can help. Artificial intelligence methods allow self-driving cars to act beyond their programmed guidelines. Thanks to machine learning techniques, cars will be able to make the right decisions on the road even in unexpected situations. AI systems will be able to train through simulated crash scenarios and observation of human actions.<\/p>\n

AI systems can also learn from feedback on their ethical responses. Though only weak AI is currently on the market, machine learning methods are being successfully applied in autonomous cars. For instance, deep learning<\/a> is on the rise.<\/p>\n

Combined with a rules-based system, machine learning techniques will help autonomous cars to choose the most ethical path. Beyond that, self-driving vehicles should learn how to warn drivers of the choice they\u2019re going to make. Autonomous cars should be able to explain what they\u2019re doing using natural language.<\/p>\n

Self-driving vehicles can become victims themselves<\/h2>\n

\"It\u2019s<\/p>\n

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According to a survey by Goodyear, 41% of participants say they would feel uncomfortable driving alongside an autonomous car.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/small>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/section>\n

Research has also found that people worry that autonomous vehicles will lack common sense on the road. Some people even say they will take advantage of self-driving cars and \u201cbully\u201d them.<\/p>\n

Sadly, the bullying threat is real. Fearing possible aggressive behavior against autonomous vehicles, Volvo has announced<\/a> that they will not mark their driverless cars to protect them. Mercedes-Benz has also warned about bullies and is thinking about making autonomous cars more aggressive.<\/p>\n

But here\u2019s the problem: some self-driving cars may not interpret an attack against them correctly. Unlike human drivers, autonomous vehicles usually lack context and understanding of social basics. So it\u2019s important to prepare them for various complicated situations on the road, not just for accidents. Luckily, machine ethics allows cars to exhibit moral behavior in any situation.<\/p>\n

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Modern self-driving cars have many safety features<\/a> that keep passengers safe. But they aren\u2019t enough. A vehicle has to be prepared for various road situations. For example, it has to know how to behave in an unavoidable accident. In other words, it has to take care of crash optimization, not just crash avoidance. It also should be able to act even in unpredictable situations like conflicts or bullying. Luckily, ethics of autonomous vehicles can handle all these cases. Ethics help self-driving vehicles behave wisely on the road.<\/p>\n

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No doubt every autonomous vehicle needs an ethics lesson. Contact us<\/a> if you would like our AI and machine learning experts to create an ethical system for your self-driving car.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Learn how to train self-driving vehicles to cope with situations like unavoidable accidents and bullying<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":60705,"template":"","class_list":["post-10762","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","blog-category-automotive-blog","blog-category-autonomous-driving"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIt\u2019s Time to Give Autonomous Cars an Ethics Lesson | Intellias Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Every self-driving vehicle needs a code of autonomous car ethics for coping with unavoidable accidents and bullying. 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